|
此文章由 风玲 原创或转贴,不代表本站立场和观点,版权归 oursteps.com.au 和作者 风玲 所有!转贴必须注明作者、出处和本声明,并保持内容完整
说到关于儿童的行为,我想先介绍一下几种大人(包括家长和幼儿园的carer)对孩子的管理方法及形成的后果。
1. Authoritarian Approach(独裁管理)
· Rules are enforced without negotiation or explanation 由成人给孩子设定规矩,不可以调整也没有解释。
· Control of children using force, threats or rewards 用威胁或奖励来控制孩子
· Rigid limits are set and children are expected to follow instructions and rules without considering their level of understanding and development. 不管孩子是否理解,发展的程度而严格要求孩子遵守‘规矩’。
· Children often criticised and put down. 总批评孩子。
· Relationships appear to be lacking in physical affection.
处于这种管理下的孩子的行为,有可能会有以下表现:
· Inability to make decisions. 缺乏做决定的能力。
· A display of anger and defiance. 显得容易生气和喜欢挑衅。
· An inability to show independence. 缺乏独立性。
· Poor communication skills. 与人的交流能力低。
· Difficulty in taking on new challenges. 难以面对新的挑战。
· Withdrawing socially. 在社交方面畏缩。
2. Permissive Approach (给予许可的管理)
· May aim to develop a warm, open relationship with the child. 想要与孩子建立温暖的,开明的关系。
· Rules may be set buy rarely enforced (followed through) 给孩子设规矩但是很少会强迫孩子照做。
· Continual explanation of rules but no real direction provided for the child. 会给孩子解释为什么定这些规矩,但是没有提供给孩子真正清楚的指导,到底该怎么做。
· Ridicule or indirect ’emotional blackmail’ sometimes used in an attempt to control behaviour.
· No consistency for child—parents generally disorganised in their approach. 缺乏连续性。
处于这种管理下的孩子的行为,有可能会有以下表现:
· Lack of self reliance. 缺乏对自己的信任。
· Lack of independence. 缺乏独立性。
· Lack of exploratory skills 缺乏探索能力
· Lack of social responsibility—leave it to the others to pack away, organise, action, promote, protect. 缺乏社会责任感――让别人去收拾,组织,行动等。
· Lack of recognition of the rights of others 缺乏对别人的权力的认识。
· Lack of ability to fit into peer groups. 缺乏融入同龄人的能力
3. Authoritative or democratic approach (民主的管理)
· Rules are set after consultation with children and guidelines are clear 在跟孩子商量以后设定‘规定’。
· Children are assisted to understand the rules and reasons why they are set 家长帮助孩子理解这些规定和为什么要设这些规定的原因。
· Children’s opinions are valued 家长看重孩子的观点
· Children are spoken to respectfully 孩子得到尊重
· Children are helped to learn self discipline and develop autonomy. 家长帮助孩子学习怎样自我约束和自治。
处于这种管理下的孩子的行为,有可能会有以下表现:
· Content
· Self assertive
· Self reliant
· Exploratory
· Self controlled
· Independent
· Confident
4. Uninvolved or Neglecting Approach (忽视的管理)
For different reasons, these parents/caregivers appear not to be able to meet their children’s needs because their own needs are more important at that time.
这种大人不能满足孩子的需要,因为他们觉得,他们自己的需要更加重要,所以忽视孩子的要求。
处于这种管理下的孩子的行为,有可能会有以下表现:
· Frustration 受挫折的
· Sadness
· Anger
· Lack of self-control
· Lack of self-esteem
· Inability to interact socially with peers/adults. 缺乏与同龄人及大人的交流的能力 |
评分
-
查看全部评分
|